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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue

Time: 1:09 am

Results for video surveillance

37 results found

Author: Ontario. Information and Privacy Commissioner

Title: Privacy and Video Surveillance in Mass Transit Systems

Summary: The significant growth of video surveillance cameras throughout the world, especially as witnessed in the United Kingdom, has created considerable concerns with respect to privacy. This Report was prompted by a complaint received from Privacy International regarding the Canadian expansion of the use of video surveillance cameras in the City of Toronto's mass transit system.

Details: Toronto: Information and Privacy Commission, 2008

Source: Privacy Investigation Report; MC07-68

Year: 2008

Country: Canada

URL:

Shelf Number: 114759

Keywords:
Video Surveillance

Author: Bannister, Jon

Title: Public space CCTV in Scotland: results of a national survey of Scotland's local authorities

Summary: This report is based on a survey of each of the 32 local authority areas in Scotland which was carried out between June 2007 and February 2008. The survey considered the scale and nature of the CCTV infrastructure in Scotland, the purposes for which CCTV is used, the procedures for data management, staffing and training, the evaluation of the impacts of CCTV, and, current funding and development plans.

Details: Glascow: Scottish Centre for Crime & Justice Research, 2009, 33p.

Source: Internet Source

Year: 2009

Country: United Kingdom

URL:

Shelf Number: 116193

Keywords:
CCTV
Europe
Video Surveillance

Author: Victorian Law Reform Commission

Title: Surveillance in Public Places: Final Report 18

Summary: This report completes a two-stage inquiry into the widespread use of privacy invasive technologies. The first stage of our inquiry dealt with workplace privacy, while this report deals with the growing use of surveillance in public places. Public place surveillance is so extensive that it now affects the lives of nearly all Victorians. It is highly likely that our image will be captured by camera, and recorded, whenever we are walking down city streets, travelling on public transport, driving on freeways, visiting shopping centres or attending a major sporting event. People should know about these activities and appreciate that it is becoming increasingly difficult to remain anonymous in public places. The notion of blending in with the crowd is fast disappearing. The Attorney-General asked the commission to consider the interests of users of surveillance in protecting their property and providing safe places, and to balance these against the protection of privacy, autonomy and the dignity of individuals. The commission has been guided by these concerns and this report reflects the diversity of opinion regarding the use of surveillance in public places. We must seek to reap the many benefits of modern surveillance equipment while also ensuring that it is not used oppressively and unnecessarily in public places.

Details: Melbourne: Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2010. 180p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2010 at:

Year: 2010

Country: Australia

URL:

Shelf Number: 119791

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Privacy
Public Spaces
Video Surveillance

Author: Wilson, Dean

Title: Marginalised Young People, Surveillance and Public Space: A Research Report

Summary: This report finds that young people are particularly vulnerable to the abuse of powers in public surveillance practice and to being the target of policing to regulate behaviour in public spaces. The report aims to inform policy debate on the interaction of young people with public space within a broader context, and by providing empirical evidence on the experiences of young people with surveillance and security in public space. Chapter Two sets the research within the context of current research on young people, surveillance and public space. Chapter Three outlines the focus group and survey methodology used in conducting the present research. Chapter Four presents the results of the survey to give a broad demographic sketch of the backgrounds, education and living situations of those who participated. Chapter Five to Chapter Ten present qualitative data drawn from the focus groups. Chapter Five outlines the participants understanding of surveillance. Chapter Six analyses the perceptions evident in discussions of what surveillance cameras in public areas were for and what they actually do. Chapter Seven examines how surveillance was occasionally resisted and how the young people who participated understood notions of privacy and autonomy in public. Chapter Eight discusses some of the anxieties participants expressed regarding who observed security cameras and how images from cameras might be misused. Chapter Nine outlines participants interactions with security guards, including their feelings of being targeted by security guards on the basis of their age and appearance. Chapter Ten recounts concerns young people raised about ‘knife crime’ and their sense that they were unfairly stigmatized as perpetrators of violence. Finally, Chapter Eleven addresses the policy implications of the research and provides some recommendations for policy change in light of the findings of the research.

Details: Melbourne: Youth Affairs Council of Victoria and the School of Political and Social Inquiry, Monash University, 2010. 53p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2010 at: http://www.apo.org.au/sites/default/files/Marginalised%20Young%20People%2C%20Surveillance%20and%20Public%20Space.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.apo.org.au/sites/default/files/Marginalised%20Young%20People%2C%20Surveillance%20and%20Public%20Space.pdf

Shelf Number: 119793

Keywords:
Public Space
Security
Street Youth
Video Surveillance

Author: McLean, Sarah J.

Title: Weston's Video Surveillance Project: An Outcome Evaluation

Summary: Alarming crime rates and increased fear among community members in the city of Weston prompted the adoption of this new and innovative approach to fighting crime and restoring safety to the streets. The surveillance project in Weston, a medium-size northeastern city in the United States, began several years ago with a total of five pole-, window- and building-mount cameras supported with funds from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, awarded to the Weston County District Attorney’s office. The cameras were located in an area of the city, which, at that time, was plagued with a high crime rate, particularly concentrated around drug markets. The project has expanded rapidly with support from federal, state, and private sponsors. In 2007, under the auspices of a grant award to Weston from the State, we undertook an outcome evaluation of the video surveillance project. The outcome evaluation drew primarily on police data on crime and calls for service for an analysis of the impacts of the project’s camera surveillance on crime and disorder, forming the basis for an assessment of how well the project is meeting its objectives, and of how it might better meet its objectives. This report summarizes the findings of our evaluation.

Details: Albany, NY: John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety, 2008. 48p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2010 at: http://finninstitute.org/uploads/Weston's%20Video%20Surveillance%20Porject.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: United States

URL: http://finninstitute.org/uploads/Weston's%20Video%20Surveillance%20Porject.pdf

Shelf Number: 119801

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Video Surveillance

Author: Seattle (Washington). Office of City Auditor

Title: Cal Anderson Park Surveillance Camera Pilot Program Evaluation

Summary: From January through February 2008, the City of Seattle installed three surveillance cameras in Capitol Hill’s Cal Anderson Park. In June 2008, the Seattle City Council adopted an ordinance that created the Surveillance Camera Pilot Program and established controls over the cameras’ use. The ordinance governing the pilot program requires that the City Auditor conduct a program evaluation to address: Departmental compliance with the policies of the ordinance; The effect of the cameras on crime deterrence; The effect of the cameras on crime detection and investigation; and The effect of the cameras on the public perception of safety. This program evaluation is intended to help the Seattle City Council decide whether to grant additional authority to the Department of Parks and Recreation, the Seattle Police Department, and the Department of Information Technology to operate surveillance cameras in Cal Anderson Park, or to install surveillance cameras in other City parks.

Details: Seattle, WA: Office of City Auditor, 2009. 82p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2010 at: http://www.cityofseattle.net/audit/docs/2009Oct_PublishedReportSurveillanceCameras.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL: http://www.cityofseattle.net/audit/docs/2009Oct_PublishedReportSurveillanceCameras.pdf

Shelf Number: 119819

Keywords:
Criminal Investigation
Deterrence
Parks
Prevention
Situational Crime
Video Surveillance

Author: Goldgof, Smitry B.

Title: Evaluation of Smart Video for Transit Event Detection

Summary: Transit agencies are increasingly using video cameras to fight crime and terrorism. As the volume of video data increases, the existing digital video surveillance systems provide the infrastructure only to capture, store and distribute video, while leaving the task of threat detection exclusively to human operators. The objective of this research project was to study and develop an evaluation framework for commercial video analytics systems. A state-of-the-art research literature survey was conducted. Identified strengths, weaknesses, future directions of research and state-of-the-art commercial video analytics products were surveyed. Product capabilities were identified by working together with vendors and analyzing the available literature offered by the providers. Use of analytic technology in transit agencies in Florida was analyzed. A technology survey among the largest agencies in the state indicates very low use of video analytics, significant skepticism, and poor general knowledge of the technology and its capabilities. Based on existing general evaluation frameworks, an evaluation framework for video analytics technology was developed, including annotation guidelines, scoring metrics, and implementation of the scoring metrics in the scoring software.

Details: Tampa, FL: National Center for Transit Research, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida, 2009. 76p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2010 at: http://www.nctr.usf.edu/pdf/77807.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL: http://www.nctr.usf.edu/pdf/77807.pdf

Shelf Number: 119820

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Terrorism
Transit Crime
Transit Safety
Transit Security
Video Surveillance

Author: European Forum for Urban Security: Squires, P.

Title: Citizens, Cities and Video Surveillance: Towards a Democratic and Responsible Use of CCTV

Summary: Cities are becoming more crowded, offeringever more opportunities for mobility, culture and education, which in turn require a vast range of increasingly complex and costly facilities. Traffic flows overlap. A relentless commercial show-off excites the public’s desires. Round-the-clock human surveillance is no longer possible due to the high costs, but the development of electronics in the capitalisation of information and their crossover, with the provision of tools that can be either preventive or dissuasive, is leading to a general increase of the number of cameras watching over spaces dedicated to transport, public gatherings, and shopping centres. The prevention of technical incidents is the predominant reason for the installation of cameras, the images from which are both looked at directly and also, increasingly often, analysed using software. Preserving the integrity of these facilities is the second priority of these installations; misuse and intentional damage require rapid interventions for certain equipment, the functioning of which might affect thousands of people. The third motivation behind these installations is compensating for the reduction in the human workforce responsible for operating the equipment. It is for all of these reasons that our cities have become consumers of video surveillance images. The users of these images belong to both the private and public spheres. But a fourth motive has become apparent, and it brings a political twist to the debate. Thanks to CCTV cameras we can stop criminals from operating in the streets, in public spaces. This motive is borne out of a negative acknowledgement concerning the efficiency of the police services. Thus, increasing the number of cases solved would deter would-be criminals to commit a crime. This maxim for a liberalleaning criminology asserts the principle that if criminals feel certain they will be caught, then they will abstain from commiting a crime. Hence, the twofold argument used in official texts: video cameras contribute to prevention and help to arrest criminals. Perhaps, perhaps… But is it worth it? Studies do not show a clear reduction in crime: they show arrests in some criminal cases, justifying in-depth studies, but the desired mass effect has not materialised. And this is a worry. To achieve at least the second objective, and perhaps even the first, cameras need to be placed throughout the entire city because crimes are evenly spread out in urban areas. If we cross this threshold by saturating public space with cameras, we are on a slippery road towards a society of mistrust, of restrictions of liberties. These questions are being debated throughout Europe.What price do we want to pay for a society that holds security as a fundamental value? A French parliamentary report has recently been published following a series of natural disasters. Its main conclusion is that perhaps we should think about re-introducing a “culture of risk” among citizens. The triumphalism of technology has eliminated the notion of risk from the consciences of citizens. What about letting them know that despite the wonders of technology, they must continue to live in a situation of risk? Is this not the same question that could be asked with regard to crime? There is no such thing as a safe, crimeless society, and any methods that purport to eliminate all risk should be rejected by responsible citizens. The increasing number of cameras watching over public spaces infringes on our individual right to anonymity. Public authorities have a duty to justify this infringement. The European Convention on Human Rights invites us to demand such a justification. It is essential in our opinion that the methods of use of cameras and images should be clarified. Such is the aim of the work carried out by practitioners and experts with the support of the Forum.

Details: Paris: European Forum for Urban Security, 2010. 222p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2010 at: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/sep/cctv-publication.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/sep/cctv-publication.pdf

Shelf Number: 120327

Keywords:
Closed-Circuit Television
Crime Prevention
Video Surveillance

Author: European Forum for Urban Security

Title: Citizens, Cities and Video Surveillance: Towards a Democratic and Responsible Use of CCTV

Summary: Cities are becoming more crowded, offering ever more opportunities for mobility, culture and education, which in turn require a vast range of increasingly complex and costly facilities. Traffic flows overlap. A relentless commercial show-off excites the public’s desires. Round-the-clock human surveillance is no longer possible due to the high costs, but the development of electronics in the capitalisation of information and their crossover, with the provision of tools that can be either preventive or dissuasive, is leading to a general increase of the number of cameras watching over spaces dedicated to transport, public gatherings, and shopping centres. The prevention of technical incidents is the predominant reason for the installation of cameras, the images from which are both looked at directly and also, increasingly often, analysed using software. Preserving the integrity of these facilities is the second priority of these installations; misuse and intentional damage require rapid interventions for certain equipment, the functioning of which might affect thousands of people. The third motivation behind these installations is compensating for the reduction in the human workforce responsible for operating the equipment. It is for all of these reasons that our cities have become consumers of video surveillance images. The users of these images belong to both the private and public spheres. But a fourth motive has become apparent, and it brings a political twist to the debate. Thanks to CCTV cameras we can stop criminals from operating in the streets, in public spaces. This motive is borne out of a negative acknowledgement concerning the efficiency of the police services. Thus, increasing the number of cases solved would deter would-be criminals to commit a crime. This maxim for a liberal-leaning criminology asserts the principle that if criminals feel certain they will be caught, then they will abstain from commiting a crime. Hence, the twofold argument used in official texts: video cameras contribute to prevention and help to arrest criminals. Perhaps, perhaps... But is it worth it? Studies do not show a clear reduction in crime: they show arrests in some criminal cases, justifying in-depth studies, but the desired mass effect has not materialised. And this is a worry. To achieve at least the second objective, and perhaps even the first, cameras need to be placed throughout the entire city because crimes are evenly spread out in urban areas. If we cross this threshold by saturating public space with cameras, we are on a slippery road towards a society of mistrust, of restrictions of liberties. These questions are being debated throughout Europe. What price do we want to pay for a society that holds security as a fundamental value? A French parliamentary report has recently been published following a series of natural disasters. Its main conclusion is that perhaps we should think about re-introducing a “culture of risk” among citizens. The triumphalism of technology has eliminated the notion of risk from the consciences of citizens. What about letting them know that despite the wonders of technology, they must continue to live in a situation of risk? Is this not the same question that could be asked with regard to crime? There is no such thing as a safe, crimeless society, and any methods that purport to eliminate all risk should be rejected by responsible citizens. The increasing number of cameras watching over public spaces infringes on our individual right to anonymity. Public authorities have a duty to justify this infringement. The European Convention on Human Rights invites us to demand such a justification. It is essential in our opinion that the methods of use of cameras and images should be clarified. Such is the aim of the work carried out by practitioners and experts with the support of the Forum.

Details: Paris: European Forum for Urban Security, 2010. 113p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 8, 2011 at: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/sep/cctv-publication.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/sep/cctv-publication.pdf

Shelf Number: 120887

Keywords:
CCTV
Crime Prevention
Public Space
Video Surveillance

Author: Krahnstoever, Nils

Title: Automated Detection and Prevention of Disorderly and Criminal Activities

Summary: This document is the final report for the NIJ research program “Automated Detection and Prevention of Disorderly and Criminal Activities”. The goal of this program is to develop methods for automatically detecting and preventing criminal and disorderly activities using an intelligent video system. A particular emphasis of this program is to develop methods that can operate in crowded environments such as prisons, public parks and schools where a large number of people can be present and interact with each other. In addition, the developed technology is going beyond simple motion-based behavior features toward estimating meaningful social relationships between people and groups and use of this information for semantically high-level behavior and scenario recognition. Some of the accomplishments of this program are: (i) a collection of crowd parameter estimation algorithms was developed that allows the system to estimate information such as crowd and group size, crowd density, and group velocity from video; (ii) motion pattern analysis algorithms were developed for detecting low-level group and crowd events such as GROUP FOLLOWING, GROUP CHASING, FAST GROUP MOVEMENTS, and GROUP FORMATION and GROUP DISPERSION; (iii) higher-level behavior recognition algorithms have been developed for detecting and predicting events such as FIGHTING and AGITATION; (iv) an algorithm for automatically controlling a network of PTZ cameras has been developed that enables face detection and face recognition of non-cooperative individuals from a distance; (v) a novel framework for estimating social network structures of groups from video has been developed that enables the system to determine the number of social groups and the leadership structure in small communities automatically; (vi) the system was tested live during the 2009 Mock Prison Riot sponsored by the NIJ as well as evaluated against a large amount of highly-relevant video data that was collected during the same event. The deployed system was demonstrated to law enforcement and correctional staff and received high praise for it’s performance and innovation. Overall this program has led to the development of a wide range of intelligent video capabilities that are highly relevant to law enforcement and corrections. The developed technology can help law enforcement detect many different types of activities and alert operators in many cases about the onset of an event – enabling early detection and possibly prevention of critical events. The system will also allow law enforcement gain insight into the ways that people behave and interact as well as into the social structure behind their interactions. Knowledge about social relationships enables the prediction and detection of challenging group events, such as gang activity and in the future the presence or formation of open-air drug markets.

Details: Niskayuna, NY: GE Global Research, 2011. 128p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 3, 2011 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/235579.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/235579.pdf

Shelf Number: 122641

Keywords:
Crowd Control
Disorderly Conduct
Public Places
Video Surveillance

Author: Barkley, Mark

Title: CCTV Pilot Project Evaluation Report

Summary: In January 2006, the Toronto Police Service commenced research into the use of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) in public spaces to reduce crime and increase community safety. This report presents the findings of the project team that conducted a external review of the program. In brief, the external evaluation found that the level of crime decreased in three of the five deployment areas; however, there are some differences in reported results between the internal and external evaluations.

Details: Unpublished Report prepared for the Toronto Police, 2009(?). 111p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 3, 2011 at: http://geeksandglobaljustice.com/wp-content/TPS-CCTV-report.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: Canada

URL: http://geeksandglobaljustice.com/wp-content/TPS-CCTV-report.pdf

Shelf Number: 122643

Keywords:
Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV), Toronto
Situational Crime Prevention
Video Surveillance

Author: Lowry, Samantha S.

Title: Using Public Surveillance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention: A Practical Guide for Law Enforcement and Their Municipal Partners

Summary: This publication is designed to guide city administrators, law enforcement agencies, and their municipal partners in implementing and employing public surveillance systems in a manner that will have the greatest impact on public safety. It details the various aspects of a system that are integral in yielding a cost-beneficial impact on crime, including budgetary considerations, camera types and locations, how best to monitor cameras, and the role that video footage plays in investigations and prosecutions. It also highlights the most prominent lessons learned in an effort to guide city administrators and jurisdictions that are currently investing in cameras for public safety purposes, as well as to inform those that are contemplating doing so.

Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, 2011. 78p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 27, 2011 at: http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412402-Using-Public-Surveillance-Systems-for-Crime-Control-and-Prevention-A-Practical-Guide.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412402-Using-Public-Surveillance-Systems-for-Crime-Control-and-Prevention-A-Practical-Guide.pdf

Shelf Number: 122911

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Security
Video Surveillance

Author: Flight, Sander

Title: Cameratoezicht bekeken: Evaluatie cameratoezicht Amsterdamse Wallen en Nieuwendijk (2008 - 2010) (In Dutch)

Summary: Camera surveillance was initiated in 2 areas in Amsterdam as off 2004. The reason for this was the widespread drug-related nuisance and the increasing burden of partying public. The areas under surveillance are popular within the city, which means that safety is of top priority to attract foreigners, entrepreneurs and residents. The goal of installing the cameras in these neighbourhoods was to prevent crime, to increase objective and subjective safety, to detect crime and to improve emergency aid within the areas.

Details: Amsterdam: DSP-groep, 2011. 71p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 7, 2011 at: http://www.eukn.org/E_library/Security_Crime_Prevention/Crime_Prevention/Camera_Surveillance/Camera_surveillance_in_Amsterdam_does_it_work

Year: 2011

Country: Netherlands

URL: http://www.eukn.org/E_library/Security_Crime_Prevention/Crime_Prevention/Camera_Surveillance/Camera_surveillance_in_Amsterdam_does_it_work

Shelf Number: 123009

Keywords:
CCTV
Disorderly Conduct
Nuisance Related Behaviors and Disorders
Situational Crime Prevention (Amsterdam)
Video Surveillance

Author: LaVigne, Nancy

Title: Evaluating the Use of Public Surveillance Cameras for Crime Control and Prevention

Summary: Municipalities across the country are in a constant search for effective public safety interventions that will curb crime and improve the livability and economic well-being of their communities. This is particularly true among law enforcement agencies that embrace a community policing philosophy, which has become a key component of policing efforts in most mid- and large-sized law enforcement agencies across the United States. While many believe that the adoption of community policing has led to more efficient and effective policing strategies, law enforcement agencies continue to grapple with limited resources and are therefore interested in employing new tools that can enhance their community policing efforts. Among the latest waves of public safety tools is the use of public surveillance cameras, often referred to as Closed Circuit Television (CCTV). While surveillance cameras are widely employed in the business sector to improve security, until recently their use to monitor public spaces has been much less common in the United States, in part due to concerns about privacy and civil liberties. Community policing, which embodies a combination of proactive crime prevention and community engagement with more traditional policing functions, may benefit from this technology because public surveillance cameras could enhance problem-solving strategies, aid in arrests and investigations, and ultimately increase potential offenders’ perceptions that they will be both caught and prosecuted. Public surveillance systems may also have a secondary impact, serving to increase law abiding citizens’ perceptions of safety and thus their presence in public spaces, which in turn may increase guardianship, improve police-community partnerships, and reduce crime. The potential contributions to policing and public safety that public surveillance cameras may yield perhaps explain why the technology’s use has expanded in recent years. Unfortunately, these investments of scarce public safety resources are being made despite the fact that very few rigorous outcome evaluations of public surveillance cameras have been conducted in the United States. Scant research exists documenting the decisions behind public surveillance technology investment and use, and the lessons learned by cities that have employed this technology. Further, only one publication exists describing the use of public surveillance cameras in investigations and prosecutions. This evaluation aims to fill these research gaps by detailing: (1) the results of an in-depth qualitative data collection effort to examine and synthesize the experiences of cities—Baltimore, MD; Chicago, IL; and Washington, D.C.— that have invested heavily in public surveillance technology in recent years; (2) a rigorous analysis of crime data to determine the degree to which cameras significantly reduce and/or displace crime; and (3) the degree to which the camera investment is cost-beneficial. Designed primarily for law enforcement agencies and their municipal partners, this report begins with a review of previous findings of published public surveillance studies and describes the research methodology employed for the present study. We then present case studies from each of the three research sites, detailing the decisions behind camera investment, implementation, and use, and highlighting the role that public surveillance cameras play in supporting arrests, investigations, and prosecutions. Findings from the impact, spatial, and cost-benefit analysis pieces are discussed within the chapters for each of the three sites. The report concludes with a section devoted to the lessons learned by these jurisdictions, followed by recommendations to help inform both agencies that are currently investing in public surveillance systems for public safety purposes, as well as those that are contemplating doing so.

Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, 2011. 152p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2011 at: http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412403-Evaluating-the-Use-of-Public-Surveillance-Cameras-for-Crime-Control-and-Prevention.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412403-Evaluating-the-Use-of-Public-Surveillance-Cameras-for-Crime-Control-and-Prevention.pdf

Shelf Number: 123056

Keywords:
Community Policing
Crime Prevention
Video Surveillance

Author: Anderson, Jessica

Title: Considering Local Context When Evaluating A Closed Circuit Television System in Public Spaces

Summary: Closed circuit television‘s (CCTV) popularity as a solution to local crime problems continues to gain traction. Its broad community support and visibility as a tangible response to crime problems suggests that the demand for CCTV is unlikely to abate. However, many agencies have difficulty locating information on the practical considerations for implementing a CCTV system and only become aware of the real cost of CCTV after installing the system. Therefore, measures need to be taken to ensure knowledge of good practice in CCTV implementation is shared. In addition, agencies need to be aware of the different factors that can influence CCTV delivery. Such information could add further value by being considered when developing evaluations of CCTV. In this paper, a description is provided of the lessons learned by local agencies when implementing a CCTV system that was administered through a grants program. Such experiences, if adequately disseminated, can assist agencies to implement CCTV systems and assist in the development of evaluation strategies.

Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011. 10p.

Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 430: Accessed October 31, 2011 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/3/6/C/%7B36CB7AC1-0AFD-4D0B-925D-F7D3D5D7A562%7Dtandi430.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/3/6/C/%7B36CB7AC1-0AFD-4D0B-925D-F7D3D5D7A562%7Dtandi430.pdf

Shelf Number: 123180

Keywords:
CCTV
Closed Circuit Television
Crime Prevention
Public Space
Video Surveillance

Author: U.S. Government Accountability Office

Title: Arizona Border Surveillance Technology: More Information on Plans and Costs Is Needed before Proceeding

Summary: CBP does not have the information needed to fully support and implement its Arizona Border Surveillance Technology Plan in accordance with DHS and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) guidance. In developing the Plan, CBP conducted an analysis of alternatives and outreach to potential vendors. However, CBP has not documented the analysis justifying the specific types, quantities, and deployment locations of border surveillance technologies proposed in the Plan. Best practices for developing and managing costs indicate that a business case analysis should be rigorous enough that independent parties can review it and clearly understand why a particular alternative was chosen to support mission requirements. Without documentation of the analysis, there is no way to verify the process CBP followed, identify how the underlying analyses were used, assess the validity of the decisions made, or justify the funding requested for the Plan. CBP officials also have not yet defined the mission benefits expected from implementing the new Plan. GAO has previously reported that a solid business case providing an understanding of the potential return of large investments can be helpful to decision makers for determining whether continued investment is warranted after deployment. Defining the expected benefit could help improve CBP's ability to assess the effectiveness of the Plan as it is implemented. CBP does not intend to assess and address operational issues regarding the effectiveness and suitability of SBInet, steps that could provide CBP with information to help make decisions regarding alternatives for implementing the Plan. OMB guidance suggests that a post-implementation review occur when a system has been in operation for 6 months or immediately following investment termination. Such a review could help CBP make the most effective use of existing SBInet systems that, in connection with the Plan, could build a comprehensive and integrated approach for surveillance technology along the entire Arizona border. CBP's 10-year life-cycle cost estimate for the Plan of $1.5 billion is based on a rough order of magnitude analysis, and agency officials were unable to determine a level of confidence in their estimate as best practices suggest. Specifically, GAO's review of the estimate concluded that the estimate reflected substantial features of best practices, being both comprehensive and accurate, but it did not sufficiently meet other characteristics of a high-quality cost estimate, such as credibility, because it did not identify a level of confidence or quantify the impact of risks. GAO and OMB guidance emphasize that reliable cost estimates are important for program approval and continued receipt of annual funding. In addition, because CBP was unable to determine a level of confidence in its estimate, it will be difficult for CBP to determine what levels of contingency funding may be needed to cover risks associated with implementing new technologies along the remaining Arizona border. Thus, it will be difficult for CBP to provide reasonable assurance that its cost estimate is reliable and that its budget request for fiscal year 2012 and beyond is realistic and sufficient. A robust cost estimate--one that includes a level of confidence and quantifies the impact of risk--would help ensure that CBP's future technology deployments have sufficient funding levels related to the relative risks. GAO recommends that CBP document the analysis justifying the technologies proposed in the Plan, determine its mission benefits, conduct a post-implementation review of SBInet and determine a more robust life-cycle cost estimate for the Plan. DHS concurred with the recommendations.

Details: Washington, DC: GAO, 2011. 58p.

Source: Internet Resource: GAO-12-22: Accessed November 4, 2011 at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1222.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1222.pdf

Shelf Number: 123229

Keywords:
Border Security (Arizona)
Costs of Criminal Justice
Video Surveillance

Author: LaVigne, Nancy

Title: Evaluation of Camera Use to Prevent Crime in Commuter Parking Facilities: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Summary: Car-related crimes are a pervasive problem in the United States: each year an estimated 3.3 million people have their cars stolen or broken into. The cost of these crimes is significant: in 2008, the total value of stolen cars was roughly $6.4 billion, while another $1.6 billion was lost through thefts from cars. Commuter parking facilities, where owners leave their cars unattended for most of the day, have particularly high rates of car crime (Clarke 2002; Clarke and Mayhew 1998). Almost onequarter (23.7 percent) of car thefts and nearly 12 percent of all thefts happen in parking lots and non-residential garages. Despite the frequency and cost of car crime, strategies to prevent these crimes have not been well studied. This evaluation report examines the impact of digital cameras in reducing car crime in parking facilities serving riders of Washington, DC’s commuter rail system. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) runs the second-largest rail transit system and sixth-largest bus network in the United States. Between 1999 and 2003, before this study began, roughly half of all serious crimes on Metro property took place in parking facilities. Car crimes were roughly split between stolen cars and thefts from cars, but crime rates were not equal across Metro stations: just over one-third (36 percent) of the stations accounted for 80 percent of car crimes in 2003. These data suggest that some stations make better targets than others — and finding out why could help prevent those crimes. Urban Institute researchers, working with Metro Transit Police (MTP), set out to identify what parking facility characteristics and management practices might create opportunities for crime, analyze those findings in relation to past crimes, and identify promising crime reduction strategies. Noting the limited surveillance of Metro station parking facilities, researchers recommended WMATA use prominently placed cameras to deter offenders. To minimize costs, MTP chose to invest in digital cameras, installing still cameras (not video cameras) at the exits of half of Metro’s commuter parking lots, along with signs alerting drivers (and potential criminals) that license plate numbers and exit times were being recorded and monitored. Similar to “red light” traffic cameras, the digital cameras were equipped with motion detectors to take still photos of cars — including their license plates — as they exited the facility. In addition to deterring criminals, the cameras could provide Metro police with information to tailor their patrol schedules (such as the exact times of thefts) and aid in investigations. In reality, however, only a third of the cameras were live due to budget constraints; nevertheless, the dummy cameras were expected to convey the perception of surveillance. This strategy relied heavily on rational choice theory as embodied in situational crime prevention (SCP): by creating the perception of greater surveillance, law enforcement agencies hope to convince potential criminals that they are more likely to get caught and that they should consequently refrain from crime or take their criminal activities elsewhere.

Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, 2011. 82p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 12, 2012 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236740.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236740.pdf

Shelf Number: 123594

Keywords:
Automobile Theft
Motor Vehicle Theft
Parking Facilities
Situational Crime Prevention
Video Cameras
Video Surveillance

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Title: Current Practices in Electronic Surveillance in the Investigation of Serious and Organized Crime

Summary: The value of employing electronic surveillance in the investigation of some forms of serious crime, in particular organized crime, is unquestionable. It allows the gathering of information unattainable through other means. Some countries have utilized surreptitious electronic surveillance for nearly a century. For others it is a more recent phenomenon, and for some it is not yet utilized at all. The use by law enforcement of electronic surveillance should not be an investigative tool of first resort, instead its use should be considered when other less intrusive means have proven ineffective or when there is no reasonable alternative to obtain crucial information or evidence. Even when electronic surveillance is appropriate, it will generally need to be used in conjunction with other investigation methods in order to be most effective. For those jurisdictions without any regulation, or with legislation which is lacking in some respect, the challenge is to develop a balanced system for the use of electronic evidence gathering. The balance which needs to be struck is that between the effective use of electronic evidence gathering and the protection of citizens’ rights. This includes balancing the cost of utilizing these methods against the ultimate public benefit gained from a conviction. These considerations should be weighed carefully by legislators, prosecutors, law enforcement and the like. It should also be noted that in some countries the existence of a federal system of governance means that electronic surveillance can be regulated at both a local and at a national level. Federal law will often apply where the investigation is into crime that crosses borders, however, organized crime is of course also investigated by local law enforcement. It is not possible for this document to comprehensively consider regulation of individual states, regions or provinces within countries, although their mention will occur where valuable examples arise.

Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2009. 48p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 24, 2012 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/organized-crime/Law-Enforcement/Electronic_surveillance.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: International

URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/organized-crime/Law-Enforcement/Electronic_surveillance.pdf

Shelf Number: 125751

Keywords:
Criminal Investigations
Electronic Surveillance
Organized Crime
Video Surveillance
Violent Crime

Author: Sharpe Research Ltd.

Title: Public Attitudes to the Deployment of Surveillance Techniques in Public Places: Qualitative Research Report

Summary: The main aim of the research was to investigate informed public attitudes towards current and planned public surveillance activities, and establish the limits of public acceptability and confidence, to provide understanding of where the boundary might lie between personal privacy and society’s ability to intrude into an individual’s affairs. This involved investigation of the following: • levels of spontaneous knowledge and awareness about: - the extent and prevalence of CCTV and other surveillance technologies - the purposes for which video surveillance is deployed - which authorities and other organisations use video surveillance - how the recordings are used or processed - how long recordings are kept - who can see them, and in what circumstances - the effectiveness of video surveillance in preventing and/or detecting crime • sources of knowledge and awareness, including personal experience; • reactions to prompted information on - licensing/authorisation - covert vs. overt installations - new surveillance technologies - new ‘purposes’, such as road pricing - ‘sensitive’ personal data, in the data protection context • factors underlying public confidence in video surveillance; • the perceived applicability of the 8 data protection principles to the deployment and use of surveillance technology; • perceived risks of unlawful or criminal violations of privacy arising from video surveillance, looking both at likelihood and potential severity of consequences to the individual; • what rules ought to control the deployment and use of video surveillance in public places, and who should set and enforce those rules; • information needs – what members of the public want to know about video surveillance and its regulation.

Details: London: Information Commissioner's Office, 2004. 89p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2012 at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/corporate/research_and_reports/public_attitudes_research.pdf

Year: 2004

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/corporate/research_and_reports/public_attitudes_research.pdf

Shelf Number: 126303

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Public Attitudes
Public Opinion
Public Space
Surveillance Cameras (U.K.)
Video Surveillance

Author: Papazian, John

Title: Program Evaluation of the Denver Police HALO Camera Surveillance System: A Geospatial Statistical Analysis of Crime

Summary: The Denver Police Department has recently implemented a new high-tech surveillance program to prevent crime throughout the city. The High Activity Location Observation (HALO) cameras are an improvement over traditional closed-circuit television cameras because they have full pivot and zoom capabilities that can transmit video to police headquarters in real time. The department has installed more than 100 HALO cameras at various high crime areas in Denver as of 2012. This investigation attempts a program evaluation of the surveillance system through a geospatial statistical analysis of crime. Although cameras have been installed across the city, this investigation focuses on cameras installed in Police District #6, which encompasses the central business district. This investigation establishes a statistically significant relationship between the installation of the HALO cameras and a reduction of thefts from motor vehicles in the viewshed of the cameras in Denver Police District #6. The difference-in-difference econometric approach is rigorous enough to infer causality in the relationship. Other categories of crime also may have been reduced due to the HALO cameras, but the statistical evidence is not strong enough to make a causal claim. Based upon the empirical results, I recommend three strategies: (1) collaborating with local BIDs to expand new HALO video cameras into other areas experiencing high levels of theft from motor vehicles, (2) upgrading the information system to cross-reference NIBRS crime incident data to actual arrests and convictions, and (3) implementing a randomized controlled experiment in the next phase of the HALO program.

Details: Durham, NC: Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, 2012. 38p.

Source: Sanford School Master of Public Policy (MPP) Program Master’s Projects: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2012 at http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/5146/MPP_MP_John_Papazian.pdf?sequence=1

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/5146/MPP_MP_John_Papazian.pdf?sequence=1

Shelf Number: 126339

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Evaluative Studies
Surveillance Cameras (Colorado)
Thefts from Automobiles
Video Surveillance

Author: Nestel, Thomas J., III

Title: Using Surveillance Camera Systems to Monitor Public Domains: Can Abuse Be Prevented?

Summary: After mainland United States suffered a violent attack upon its citizenry, Homeland Security professionals recognized the need to protect a growing number of critical infrastructure locations. Millions of dollars earmarked for emergency management programs were funneled into technologies that enabled public safety to "do more with less." Closed circuit television surveillance systems rocketed to the forefront as the must-have technology. Citizens of the United States became subject to video surveillance during their normal daily routines. This thesis examines the management of CCTV systems used by municipal police departments and analyzes the policies created to control the technology and prevent abuse. Using U.S. Census Bureau data, the police departments responsible for protecting the 50 largest cities were contacted and surveyed. The initial step determined what jurisdictions utilized surveillance cameras to monitor public domains. The follow-up steps gathered information about the systems being used; the management decisions regarding where to place the cameras; the training for its operators; supervision standards; the written policies regulating the department's program; analyzing those directives; and finally, presenting step-by-step recommendations for implementing CCTV surveillance systems for Homeland Security use.

Details: Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. 93p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed November 6, 2013 at: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=461595

Year: 2006

Country: United States

URL: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=461595

Shelf Number: 131593

Keywords:
CCTV
Closed-Circuit Television (U.S.)
Crime Prevention
Public Space
Video Surveillance

Author: Houghton, Claire

Title: A Review of the Increased Use of CCTV and Video-Surveillance for Crime Prevention Purposes in Europe

Summary: This report describes the evolution of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) video surveillance from a simple system involving a camera and a video recorder to the sophisticated digital, multi-camera systems, integrating fully functional cameras capable of tracking a person's movements across public space. Most European cities now have extensive CCTV surveillance in private and semi-public space, particularly in the transport and retail sectors, but many countries are following the UK's example and deploying open street CCTV for the purposes of crime prevention in their major cities. While the growth of open CCTV in the Nordic countries has been limited, in other countries, particularly France, Italy and the Netherlands many cities now have open street CCTV systems. The regulation of CCTV in Europe is primarily through the application of data protection law. This has been shown to be uneven in its scope and application. Moreover, CCTV sits uneasily with the Data Protection concept of consent. Consent is implied in the public operation of CCTV and data subjects have not given it freely. Moreover, data is being processed without subject's knowledge and this suggests that regulatory requirements need to be strengthened and extended.

Details: Brussels: European Parliament, 2009. 27p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 31, 2014 at: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/apr/ep-study-norris-cctv-video-surveillance.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/apr/ep-study-norris-cctv-video-surveillance.pdf

Shelf Number: 131825

Keywords:
Children and Violence
Closed-Circuit Television
Crime Prevention
Domestic Violence
Family Violence
Video Surveillance

Author: Menichelli, Francesca

Title: What's Crime Got To Do With It? CCTV, Urban Security and Governing Elites

Summary: The implementation of an open-street CCTV system is usually accompanied by bold claims on the increase in efficiency - faster deployments of patrols - and in efficacy - prevention through normalisation - that it will bring about in day-to-day policing. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in two medium-sized Italian cities where such systems have been recently implemented, the research sets out to challenge these assumptions by offering a backstage view of how surveillance is actually carried out on a day-to-day basis. Using the political and legislative changes that have taken place in Italy since the end of the '90s as a backdrop, the work supports the conclusion that, rather than for crime control, for which they were almost never used, cameras end up serving other goals, for the benefit of constituencies other than the residents of the two cities. Thus, CCTV needs to be understood as a device for the circulation of resources - monetary, discursive and normative - between different institutions and levels of government, part of a wider discursive regime that is only incidentally related to how crime actually affects a given city.

Details: Milan: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. 268p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 22, 2014 at: http://boa.unimib.it/handle/10281/31295#.U1apr0-PLcs

Year: 2012

Country: Italy

URL: http://boa.unimib.it/handle/10281/31295#.U1apr0-PLcs

Shelf Number: 132130

Keywords:
CCTV
Closed-Circuit Television
Security
Situational Crime Prevention
Urban Areas
Video Surveillance

Author: Schulz, Dorothy Moses

Title: Video Surveillance Uses by Rail Transit Agencies

Summary: Previous TCRP reports, notably Electronic Surveillance Technologies on Transit Vehicles (Maier and Malone 2001) and Transit Security Update (Nakanishi 2009), have studied overall security and the use of electronic video surveillance technology in the transit environment. Improving Transit Security (Needle and Cobb 1997) and Guidelines for the Effective Use of Uniformed Transit Police and Security Personnel (Interactive Elements Inc. 1997) considered how transit agencies were using video surveillance as part of their overall security strategies, primarily in conjunction with uniformed patrol by police or security officers. Most of the examples and case studies in earlier reports combined discussions of the use of electronic video surveillance cameras in bus and rail systems and few considered nonsecurity uses of such technology. This synthesis differs from the earlier ones in several ways. It is the first synthesis to document the current use of electronic video surveillance technology solely by passenger rail agencies and to consider the totality of its use, including onboard railcars and along the right-of-way (ROW). The synthesis also describes current administrative policies on monitoring video images either in real time or for post-event analysis; policies on archiving and storing images and access to them by employees, other public agencies (primarily police), and the general public; and funding sources for installing new or upgrading existing video surveillance systems. Results of a survey emailed to passenger rail agencies throughout the United States are used to document important issues, including the following: - The percentage of stations, station platforms, or shelters where surveillance is employed and how decisions are made on which locations to cover. - The percentage of railcars in which onboard surveillance is employed and how decisions are made on which vehicles to cover. - Whether video surveillance is employed along the ROW and, if so, where. - The type of video surveillance systems in use and any special features they may utilize. - Policies pertaining to monitoring, recording, and archiving images, including chain of custody policies. - Purposes other than for crime/vandalism prevention for which surveillance is employed and its perceived effectiveness for those applications. - Whether patrons or employees have been surveyed regarding their perceptions of security and, if so, what those perceptions are. - Funding sources for installing and/or upgrading electronic video surveillance systems. - Existing plans for installing video surveillance systems in new vehicles or stations. Forty-three completed surveys were received from the 58 passenger rail agencies to which questionnaires were sent, a response rate of 73%. Five agencies were selected as case study sites because they reflected a variety of modes, had different security configurations (transit police or reliance on local agencies), and were upgrading their systems to include technologies that other agencies are likely to be considering. These agencies provided opportunities to share information in a lessons-learned format. Agencies that did not employ surveillance technology were encouraged to complete the survey by answering two brief questions: (1) whether the agency was considering installing a surveillance system and, if so, where, or (2) whether the agency was not considering installing a surveillance system and, if so, why not. All the responding agencies employed video surveillance in some capacity. Although the authors cannot speak for agencies that did not respond, it is reasonable to say that all passenger rail transit agencies make at least some use of electronic video surveillance on their property.

Details: Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 2011. 91p.

Source: Internet Resource: TCRP Synthesis 90: Accessed July 16, 2014 at: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_syn_90.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_syn_90.pdf

Shelf Number: 132681

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Trains
Transit Crime
Transit Safety
Transportation Security
Video Surveillance

Author: U.S. Department of Homeland Security

Title: Body-Worn Video Cameras for Law Enforcement Assessment Report. System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders (SAVER)

Summary: The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) established the System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders (SAVER) Program to assist emergency responders making procurement decisions. Located within the Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) of DHS, the SAVER Program conducts objective assessments and validations on commercially available equipment and systems and develops knowledge products that provide relevant equipment information to the emergency responder community. The SAVER Program mission includes: - Conducting impartial, practitioner-relevant, operationally oriented assessments and validations of emergency response equipment - Providing information, in the form of knowledge products, that enables decision-makers and responders to better select, procure, use, and maintain emergency response equipment. SAVER Program knowledge products provide information on equipment that falls under the categories listed in the DHS Authorized Equipment List (AEL), focusing primarily on two main questions for the responder community: "What equipment is available?" and "How does it perform?" These knowledge products are shared nationally with the responder community, providing a life- and cost-saving asset to DHS, as well as to Federal, state, and local responders. The SAVER Program is supported by a network of Technical Agents who perform assessment and validation activities. As a SAVER Program Technical Agent, the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (SPAWARSYSCEN) Atlantic has been tasked to provide expertise and analysis on key subject areas, including communications, sensors, security, weapon detection, and surveillance, among others. In support of this tasking, SPAWARSYSCEN Atlantic developed this report to provide emergency responders with information obtained from an operationally oriented assessment of body-worn video cameras for law enforcement, which fall under AEL reference number 13LE-00-SURV titled Equipment, Law Enforcement Surveillance. Body-worn video cameras are valuable tools that can be used by law enforcement to record traffic stops, arrests, sobriety tests, and interviews. Body-worn video camera systems typically consist of a camera, microphone, battery, and onboard storage. They are designed to be head-mounted or worn at various locations on the body, depending on the model. In January 2015, the System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders (SAVER) Program conducted an operationally oriented assessment of body-worn video cameras for law enforcement. Seven body-worn video cameras were assessed by emergency responders. The criteria and scenarios used in this assessment were derived from the results of a focus group of emergency responders with experience using body-worn video cameras. The assessment addressed 16 evaluation criteria in three SAVER categories: Capability, Deployability, and Usability.

Details: Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security; North Charleston, NC: Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Atlantic, 2015. 47p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 20, 2015 at: http://www.firstresponder.gov/SAVER/Documents/Body-Worn-Cams-AR_0415-508.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: United States

URL: http://www.firstresponder.gov/SAVER/Documents/Body-Worn-Cams-AR_0415-508.pdf

Shelf Number: 136112

Keywords:
Body-Worn Video Cameras
Emergency Preparedness
First Responders
Homeland Security
Video Cameras
Video Surveillance

Author: Dlagnekov, Louka

Title: Video-based Car Surveillance: License Plate, Make, and Model Recognition

Summary: License Plate Recognition (LPR) is a fairly well explored problem and is already a component of several commercially operational systems. Many of these systems, however, require sophisticated video capture hardware possibly combined with in- frared strobe lights, or exploit the large size of license plates in certain geographical regions and the (artificially) high discriminability of characters. One of the goals of this project is to develop an LPR system that achieves a high recognition rate without the need for a high quality video signal from expensive hardware. We also explore the problem of car make and model recognition for purposes of searching surveillance video archives for a partial license plate number combined with some visual description of a car. Our proposed methods will provide valuable situational information for law enforcement units in a variety of civil infrastructures

Details: San Diego: University of California, San Diego, 2005. 93p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed August 25, 2016 at: http://vision.ucsd.edu/belongie-grp/research/carRec/dlagnekov_thesis_2005.pdf

Year: 2005

Country: United States

URL: http://vision.ucsd.edu/belongie-grp/research/carRec/dlagnekov_thesis_2005.pdf

Shelf Number: 140030

Keywords:
License Plate Recognition
Video Surveillance
Video Technology

Author: Thornton, Sara

Title: Project Champion Review: An Independent Review of the commissioning, direction, control and oversight of Project Champion; including the information given to, and the involvement of, the community in this project from the initiation of the scheme up to 4

Summary: There is nothing more important to policing than its legitimacy in the eyes of the public. The concerns of the community need to be a central preoccupation of policing and transparency needs to be a constant consideration. In the course of this review I have met members of the community and have read the press reports and it is clear that many people feel that their civil liberties have been disregarded. As a consequence, the trust and confidence that they have in the police has been significantly undermined. There is a real opportunity to learn from Project Champion about the damage that can be done to police legitimacy when the police are seen to be acting in a way which prizes expediency over legitimacy. Importantly these lessons need to be learned from a counter terrorism project where the need to maintain public support is even more acute. The review has been completed in a relatively short period of time because of the need to take immediate action to restore confidence. However, this has necessarily limited the extent of my enquiries but hopefully not my conclusions. In reviewing events I have tested several hypotheses which might explain what happened. Was the threat so severe and was the activity in the West Midlands so intense that the normal considerations of policing were ignored? Or was the consultation with the community and the marketing of crime reduction benefits just a cynical ploy to cover up counter terrorist activity? Or was there a more mundane explanation – that the project was poorly conceived and managed and while there was an intention to use the technology to reduce crime nobody ever ensured that this happened? I have weighed up the information collected and drawn the conclusions in Section 4 on the balance of probabilities.

Details: Kidlington, UK:Thames Valley Police, 2010. 51p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 22, 2016 at: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/oct/uk-project-champion-police-report.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/oct/uk-project-champion-police-report.pdf

Shelf Number: 147313

Keywords:
Closed-Circuit Television
Electronic Surveillance
Police Integrity
Police-Community Relations
Public Spaces
Video Surveillance

Author: Hulme, Shann

Title: CCTV use by local government: Findings from a national survey

Summary: There has been considerable growth in the use of closed circuit television (CCTV) in public spaces as a crime prevention measure and, increasingly, as a tool to detect and identify offenders. In Australia, CCTV systems have become an increasingly common fixture in urban centres, in shopping centres and malls, individual shops and banks, on public transport and in car parks. There has been significant investment in CCTV systems as part of state, territory and Commonwealth government crime prevention programs, with CCTV accounting for a growing proportion of overall grant funding available to community-based organisations, particularly local councils (Attorney General's Department 2015; Homel et. al. 2007). More than a decade ago, Wilson and Sutton (2003) explored the operation and management of 33 open-street CCTV systems in Australia. They found that, while open street CCTV systems were initially primarily located in central business districts of major metropolitan centres, there was a growing trend towards their installation in smaller regional and rural centres and in suburban locations (Wilson & Sutton 2003). Around the same time, Iris Research (2005) conducted a survey of all local councils in Australia to assess the use of CCTV and characteristics of the systems in operation, finding that around one in ten councils had a CCTV system in operation. More recently, Carr (2014) examined the use of CCTV by 18 local councils funded by the Australian Government, finding that police were increasingly reliant on local government CCTV and that the ensuing additional cost to council was significant. Similarly, Edmonds (2014) found that nearly half of all councils in NSW (46%; n=70) had installed CCTV in public spaces, with urban councils more than twice as likely than rural councils to have a system in place. Given the continued investment in CCTV at all levels of government plus the significant advances in technology over the past ten years, it is timely to reassess the use of CCTV by local councils in Australia. This paper presents the findings from a national survey of local government. The overall aim of this research was to develop a national picture of the prevalence and characteristics of open-street CCTV systems in Australia managed by local councils.

Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2015. 9p.

Source: Internet Resource: Research in Practice, No. 40: Accessed July 5, 2017 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rip/rip40/rip40.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rip/rip40/rip40.pdf

Shelf Number: 146514

Keywords:
CCTV
Closed Circuit Television
Police Technology
Video Surveillance

Author: King, Jennifer

Title: CITRIS Report: The San Francisco community safety camera program: An evaluation of the effectiveness of San Francisco's community safety cameras

Summary: This study evaluates the effectiveness of the City of San Francisco's Community Safety Camera (CSC) program. Chapter 1 describes the origins of the CSC program and the City of San Francisco's primary and secondary policy objectives for it, as expressed in the statements, technical choices, policies, and practices made by the Mayor's Office, the City's Board of Supervisors, the Police Commission, the San Francisco Police Department, and other entities and individuals that have played key roles in shaping the program as it exists today. Chapter 2 provides an empirical analysis of the CSC program's effectiveness in deterring crime, particularly violent crime. Chapter 3 analyzes the effectiveness of the CSC program as a investigatory and evidentiary tool, and considers the program's effectiveness in supporting the secondary objectives of facilitating community participation, oversight and accountability, and the protection of privacy and related interests. Chapter 4 considers the managerial and technical aspects of the system that span all objectives, based on our findings. Chapter 5 provides guidance and recommendations to the City for the CSC program based on its current objectives, and offers preliminary thoughts on possible alternatives the City may consider for the program.

Details: Berkeley, CA: University of California, CITRIS: Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society, 2008. 184p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2017 at: https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/files/sfsurveillancestudy.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: United States

URL: https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/files/sfsurveillancestudy.pdf

Shelf Number: 113271

Keywords:
Cameras
Police Technology
Video Cameras
Video Surveillance
Video Technology

Author: Taylor, Emmeline

Title: Police detainee perspectives on police body-worn cameras

Summary: Recent years have seen the introduction of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) in many countries. Despite the costs involved in purchasing equipment and storing the large amounts of data generated, there is a dearth of evidence to support their mainstream use as part of law enforcement activities. There remains little understanding about the impact and effectiveness of BWCs, and less still on how the police, members of the public and, importantly, arrestees perceive and experience the cameras. In this study, 899 adult police detainees were interviewed about their perceptions and experiences of police BWCs through the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program. Findings suggest that police detainees in Australia are largely supportive of the use of police BWCs, but this was predicated on a number of operational and procedural requirements. The findings have implications for the use of BWCs as an everyday part of policing apparatus.

Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2017. 14p.

Source: Internet Resource: Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 537: Accessed November 2, 2017 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi537.pdf

Year: 2017

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi537.pdf

Shelf Number: 147971

Keywords:
Body-Worn Cameras
Police Technology
Surveillance
Video Surveillance

Author: Hempel, Leon

Title: CCTV in Europe

Summary: The final report summarises the results of the Urbaneye project, compares the case studies and devises policy recommendations. It concludes, that given the combination of opaque surveillance practices and uninformed citizens, the "black box" of increasingly networked CCTV should be opened to ensure democratic control. The extent of surveillance should be made transparent by registration; the proportionality of deployment and its fitness for purpose should be assessed by a licensing system; managers and operators should be made accountable and regular inspection should guarantee compliance with a common and consistent set of codes of practice.

Details: Berlin: Centre for Technology and Society, Technical University Berlin, 2004. 72p.

Source: Internet Resource: Working paper No. 15: Accessed December 4, 2017 at: http://www.urbaneye.net/results/ue_wp15.pdf

Year: 2004

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.urbaneye.net/results/ue_wp15.pdf

Shelf Number: 148690

Keywords:
CCTV
Closed Circuit Television
Surveillance Videos
Video Cameras
Video Surveillance

Author: Schwartz, David

Title: Harnessing Power: Exploring Citizen's Use of Networked Technologies to Promote Police Accountability

Summary: In this examination of citizen surveillance, I engage with Foucaultian and Deleuzian conceptualizations of surveillance, power, resistance, control, and desire, to explore the motivation(s) of community members who film and disseminate footage of the police. Methodologically, I conducted semi-structured interviews with community stakeholders to study the latent thematic ideas embedded in their responses. These themes represent the underlying motivational factors a citizen surveiller may have when filming the police. In my analysis of these themes, I explore: citizen surveillers' logic for resisting power; citizen surveillers' understandings of power; and, citizen surveillers' reported approaches to both passive and active forms of resistance. Subsequently, there appears to be an underlying desire for power and a resistance to power when filming the police. However, given the exploratory nature of this study, there is a need to continue investigating the theoretical and under substantiated claims about citizen surveillance and its association with race, gender and socio-economic status.

Details: Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 2016. 146p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed April 19, 2018 at: https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/35338/1/Schwartz_David_2016_thesis.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Canada

URL: https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/35338/1/Schwartz_David_2016_thesis.pdf

Shelf Number: 149852

Keywords:
Police Accountability
Police Legitimacy
Police Technology
Privacy
Video Surveillance

Author: West, Darrell M.

Title: Benefits and Best Practices of Safe City Innovation

Summary: Public safety is an important aspect of contemporary life. In a world that is chaotic, dangerous, and volatile, it is hard for there to be economic prosperity and social cohesion without some degree of safety. People need security in order to live day-to-day and undertake business and communications. This is especially the case in regard to cities. According to UNICEF, 70 percent of people around the world will live in cities by the Cities face a variety of implementation challenges, such as poor funding, infrastructure difficulties, public resistance, a lack of technical expertise, and privacy and security concerns. Implementation of public safety solutions represents a major challenge in many different places, and it is crucial for leaders to overcome these barriers in order to achieve the benefits of public safety innovation. Solutions such as CCTV cameras, police body cameras, integrated command centers using broadband trunking, social media safety alerts, and predictive data analysis show great promise as tools for law enforcement. Many factors affect technology innovation in the public sector. This includes the level of financial investment, crime rates, safety considerations, openness to technology solutions, and the strength of the digital infrastructure in particular countries. But government policy is especially important because officials make investments that enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of public sector operations. The way in which they handle modernization strategies matters a lot in terms of innovation and service delivery. There are many opportunities for cities to build their economies and promote social inclusion through public safety innovation. Cities can encourage greater innovation by increasing budget investments in digital infrastructure, building public support, using crowd-sourcing platforms to encourage citizen participation, breaking down organizational stovepipes through technology, overcoming organizational resistance, making data openly available, deploying data analytics, integrating solutions, figuring out how to balance privacy and security concerns, and identifying opportunities for improvement.

Details: Washington, DC: Center for Technology Innovation (CTI) at Brookings, 2017. 58p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 26, 2018 at: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/safe-city-innovation_final.pdf

Year: 2017

Country: International

URL: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/safe-city-innovation_final.pdf

Shelf Number: 149914

Keywords:
Body-Worn Cameras
CCTV
Police Accountability
Police Technology
Police Use of Force
Policing
Public Safety
Public Security
Video Surveillance

Author: Gomez, Santiago

Title: Big brother: Good brother? CCTV systems and crime rates in Medellin-Colombia

Summary: We investigate whether there is any effect on crime rates following the installation of public surveillance cameras in the city of Medellin-Colombia. To do so, we benefit from a quasi- experiment that took place in the installation of 366 cameras from April 2013 through October 2014. We highlight three main findings. First, there is a decline in total crime after the installation of the CCTV system. On average, year on year monthly changes in a total crime index are between 0.004 and 0.012 lower (i.e. between 33.3% and 100% of the average total crime index from January 2011 to October 2014 lower) in a street segment following the installation of one camera. This effect seems to be driven mainly by a decline in property crime. Second, we find no significant effects on apprehensions following the installation of surveillance cameras. These results may suggest the main channel for CCTV systems to deter criminals is through the subjective certainty of punishment. Third, we do not find crime displacement effects after the installation of CCTV systems. Instead, we find diffusion of benefits to the street segments surrounding installation sites when we restrict our sample to high crime places. This diffusion of benefits seems to be driven by a reduction in violent crime.

Details: Department of Economics, Universidad de los Andes, 2015. 20p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 21, 2018 at: https://lacer.lacea.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/52981/lacea2015_cctv_systems_crime_rates.pdf?sequence=1

Year: 2015

Country: Colombia

URL: https://lacer.lacea.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/52981/lacea2015_cctv_systems_crime_rates.pdf?sequence=1

Shelf Number: 150321

Keywords:
CCTV
Closed-Circuit Television
Crime Prevention
Deterrence
Video Surveillance

Author: Smith, Gwen Chisholm

Title: Legal Implications of Video Surveillance on Transit Systems

Summary: TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Legal Research Digest 52: Legal Implications of Video Surveillance on Transit Systems explores the use of video surveilance systems on buses, trains, and stations. The widespread use of such video surveillance systems has generated numerous legal issues, such as a system's ability to utilize video to discipline union and non-union employees, safety issues associated with such use, public access to such video, and retention policies regarding video, among others. This digest explores federal and state laws to address these issues, along with the current practices employed by transit agencies to comply with those laws.

Details: Washington, DC: Transit Cooperative Research Program, 2018. 46p.

Source: Internet Resource: Legal Research Digest 52: Accessed June 30, 2018 at: https://www.nap.edu/download/25055

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: https://www.nap.edu/download/25055

Shelf Number: 1500747

Keywords:
Privacy
Transit Crime
Transit Systems
Transportation
Transportation Safety
Transportation Security
Video Surveillance

Author: Skinns, Christopher David

Title: Evaluating the impact of town centre closed circuit television surveillance systems

Summary: Closed circuit television (CCIV) surveillance constitutes for most people an unavoidable, for some people an unsettling, but for many people a not unwelcome aspect of life In the UK in the 1990's. The community in which we live may be surveilled by cameras. We are certainly likely to encounter CCTV when we drive along roads or highways. But even if we use buses, trams or trains we are unlikely to avoid the attention of the cameras. As we wander around the town centre streets we will be under the gaze of CCTV. Even when we walk into the private space of the shopping mall we will be subjected to the scrutiny of a CCTV system. Similarly our visit to the bank will have been caught on camera. So will our visit to Tesco and Marks and Spencer. The main rationale for the installation of such systems is that they 'work.' But do they work? What does 'work' mean? How can this be established with some degree of certainty? The first substantive theme of the thesis concerns the critical scrutiny of organised attempts to document the impact of CCTV. This takes us into the territory of evaluation research, the rationale of which is 'to assess the effects and effectiveness of something' (Robson 1993: 170). Evaluation research attempts to find out whether a programme has been effected as well as determining whether the programme has achieved the intended aims and whether there are any unintended positive or negative effects. The territory occupied by evaluation research is of considerable topical significance and practical import. Evaluation research has become increasingly prominent in the 1990's. In part this has been 'top down' stimulated by successive Conservative administrations and their concern with value for money. This has created a role for evaluation research, which emphasises that it provides technical answers to questions of efficiency, effectiveness and economy. But this is not all a concern with evaluation entails. On the contrary, there are various 'bottom up' social pressures or 'spurs' (Robson 1993:67) to evaluation connected to concerns about the proper use and targeting of resources. Furthermore, evaluation enables an independent and critical judgement on programmes, which may be the result of received wisdom, political knee jerk, rampant populism and inflexible political ideology. Finally, any estimate of the place of CC1V in broader social patterns depends on an understanding of its effects. he greater social prominence of evaluation is not its only interesting feature. It is also of interest because evaluation raises a series of important methodological and theoretical questions. These cover issues about what gets evaluated, what strategies and designs are used, who evaluates and who gets consulted. They also include questions about who gets informed of the results of the evaluation, how technically competent evaluations are, and how funding impacts on the evaluation and how evaluation results influence programmes. Also placed on the agenda by evaluation research is the question of why a particular programme has effects. Finally, evaluation raises questions about the relationship between the evaluator drawn from the 'academy' and crime control. Thus fundamental questions of interest to the social sciences are raised by the critical study of evaluation research. The impact of CCTV systems is the second main substantive theme of the thesis. CCTV surveillance systems are composed of three related sub-systems - cameras providing pictures of the location, videotape machines to record images and human monitoring to respond to incidents seen on the control room screens and undertake other associated duties. CCTV systems are claimed to be superior to previously used preventative and intelligence gathering activities, as they are seen to be capable of achieving total vision unaffected by space and time. Furthermore such intelligence is seen to possess an incontrovertibWty (seeing is believing, the camera does not lie), which human testimony lacks (Elliott 1998). CCTV schemes are set up to achieve a range of aims. These may indude speed restriction compliance on motorways and other roads, monitoring and managing traffic congestion and increasing use of shopping malls and town centres. Greater control and compliance within the work situation may also be sought. Even where the primary aim is to impact on non-motoring crime there may still be considerable diversity of method as to how this is to be achieved. Emphasis might be placed on deterrence. The system might be seen as capable of improving detection rates. The system aims may extend to reducing fear of crime and include gaining public approval or acceptance. A critical analysis of the impact of CCIV systems is also of topical significance and practical import. The growing interest in evaluation research has been paralleled by a huge increase in the use of CCTV systems. This can be briefly indicated by reference to the growth in numbers of CCIV systems and the expenditures involved. Only one town centre system existed in 1985 (Boumemouth). By 1990 there were 6 (Home Office Crime Prevention Centre [HOCPC] 1990). In 1993 Bulos and Samo (1994) found 75 local authorities with such systems. In 1995 Brown estimated that there were 200 town centre systems. Norris, Moran and Armstrong (1998) suggest that there are now 400. Of course, this takes no account of current trends relating to the spread of CCTV systems to smaller towns and villages. In the Doncaster area alone there are as many as 12 such CCTV developments (personal communication with the South Yorkshire CCTV liaison officer). A proliferation of CCIV systems in other locations has also occurred. CCIV systems are now installed in work settings, residential areas, transport facilities, leisure and sporting venues, retail settings and industrial estates. Graham, Brooks and Heery (1996) estimate that there are some 300,000 cameras installed in private systems per year. The CCTV liaison officer for the South Yorkshire Police indicated that there are over 450 private systems in Doncaster and Sheffield alone (Private communication May 1998). All of this growth sustains a huge industry with one-off costs incurred on installation and subsequent on-costs incurred for maintenance and other services including line rental and off-site monitoring services. In 1993 Utley estimated that some �300 million a year was being spent on the installation of CC1V systems. Marketing Strategies for Industry (1994) estimated that this market was capable of 12-14% growth per annum. Norris, Moran and Armstrong (1998:256) provide a conservative estimate that the bill for maintaining town centre systems alone in 1998 was �23 million. This probably underestimates the costs for the systems concerned and does not include maintenance of all the other kinds of system. CCIV surveillance systems have proliferated. The importance of CCIV systems does not end with the indication that they represent a significant social movement. Such systems pose important questions about human conduct and criminal action. How and why do CCIV systems deter would-be offenders? What sort of impacts do they have on would-be victims? Are some kinds of offenders and offences more affected by the cameras than others? CCIV also poses questions about the nature and directions of social control in particular why have conventional criminal justice agents favoured it? What implications does the proliferation of Cclv systems have for debates about the future of control systems? At its broadest the study of CCW may be located in the more general concerns about the growth of surveillance and bureaucratic control (Giddens 1985, 1987; Dandeker 1990; Lyon 1994). The two central objects of the thesis - evaluation research and CCTV systems - are both addressed in two main ways. First, a reading of the literature is used both to critically understand evaluation research and the documented impact of CCTV systems and help construct an evaluative study of just such a CCTV system. Second, the actual, systematic evaluation of one particular 'state of the art' town centre CCW scheme is used to shed further light on the process of evaluation research in general and the impact of CC1V in particular. Town centre systems are focused on here because they represent the most visible symbol of the use of CCTV and because my involvement in the evaluation of the Doncaster scheme provided fortuitous access. This scheme also represented a not untypical example of the general movement to town centre CCTV systems. The critical examination of the two main themes in this manner enables the thesis to make two main contributions. A model of what constitutes an adequate evaluation account is derived from the review of the theory and practice of evaluation research. An understanding of the nature, context and impact of CCTV is derived from the critical review of existing studies and the intensive study of one such system. The thesis is organised as follows. Chapter 2 offers a review of the available literature on evaluation research. This review is used to both construct a critical account of the nature of evaluation and to configure my own study of a large town centre system. Chapter 3 sets out to determine what is known about the impact of CCTV. The limited material on town centre systems is supplemented by evaluations of CCTV systems in other locations. Chapters 4 and 5 set out the details of the evaluation of the Doncaster CCTV system. Chapter 4 indicates the overall structure of the evaluation of the Doncaster system. In this chapter the results of the impact assessment are also presented. Chapter 5, also concerned with the Doncaster CCTV system, sets out the results of the study of public acceptability and offers a full impact assessment. Chapters 6 and 7 attempt to provide a critical reflection on the evaluation practice undertaken. Chapter 6 offers an internal critique focusing predominantly on questions of validity. Chapter 7 goes on to offer a broader, external critique of the Doncaster study. Chapters 8 and 9 take up the implications of the evaluation of the Doncaster CCTV system. Chapter 8 considers the implications for doing evaluation research on CCTV systems. Chapter 9 considers the implications of the Doncaster study and the thesis as a whole, for the nature of CCTV surveillance systems and their place in social control. However, even in a thesis of this length not everything can be considered. There are important areas either not dealt with or only briefly touched upon. The neglected areas include the social history of the use of photography in crime control (see Norris 1998), a thoroughgoing attempt to locate the CCTV phenomenon in broader pattems of surveillance (Lyon 1994) and a reading of the nature of CCTV and its implications for social theory (McCahill 1998)

Details: Hull, UK: University of Hull, 1998. 315p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 28, 2018 at: https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:3890a/content

Year: 1998

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:3890a/content

Shelf Number: 153896

Keywords:
CCTV
Closed-Circuit Television
Crime Prevention
Police Technology
Situational Crime Prevention
Surveillance
Video Surveillance

Author: Coudert, Fanny

Title: Applying the Purpose Specification Principle in the Age of "Big Data": The Example of Integrated Video Surveillance Platforms in France

Summary: The proliferation of data made available to businesses, governments and individuals, also referred to as the "data tsunami" or the age of "big data", heavily challenges the application in practice of the purpose specification principle, one cornerstone principle of the data protection framework. In order to illustrate these difficulties, this paper takes as example a growing phenomenon, the deployment of integrated video surveillance platforms that link networks originally installed for distinct purposes and managed by different actors. Focus is put on France where the government passed a law to authorize law enforcement agencies to access private video surveillance networks for purposes of fighting crimes against properties and persons. We conclude by formulating policy recommendations tending to counter the dilution of safeguards when implementing the purpose specification principle in networked systems.

Details: S.L., 2012. 24p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 21, 2019 at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255854756_Applying_the_Purpose_Specification_Principle_in_the_Age_of_'Big_Data'_The_Example_of_Integrated_Video_Surveillance_Platforms_in_France

Year: 2012

Country: France

URL: https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS1710635&context=L&vid=Lirias&search_scope=Lirias&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US&fromSitemap=1

Shelf Number: 154341

Keywords:
Big Data
Data Protection Framework
Data Tsunami
France
Law Enforcement
Private Video Surveillance
Video Surveillance

Rutgers - School of Law, Newark

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